Dual-action nanofiber scaffold for tendon healing: a novel PLGA/ PCL biomaterial for localized drug delivery and tissue protection

Objectives: This study aimed to develop and evaluate a bilayer nanofiber scaffold consisting of methylprednisolone (MT)-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) to reduce peritendinous adhesion while minimizing steroidinduced tendon atrophy. Methods: A dual-layer scaffold was fabricated via electrospinning, comprising a 25% MP-loaded PLGA outer layer for sustained drug delivery and a PCL inner layer to block steroid exposure to the tendon. The scaffold was characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mechanical testing, water contact angle measurement, drug release kinetics, and biodegradability analysis. An in vivo study was conducted on 42 Wistar rats across four experimental groups. Outcome assessments included macroscopic adhesion scoring, histopathology, biomechanical testing, tendon length measurements, and systemic glucose level monitoring. Results: The scaffold demonstrated uniform fiber morphology and reliable mechanical properties. MP release followed Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics. In vivo, the scaffold significantly reduced fibrosis, inflammation, and adhesions without altering tendon length or systemic glucose levels. The bilayer design effectively prevented corticosteroid-related atrophy and preserved tendon biomechanical integrity. Conclusions: The 25% MP-loaded PLGA/PCL scaffold appears to be a safe and effective barrier for post-surgical tendon healing, offering localized delivery and dual protection against adhesion and atrophic complications.