Effect of three training programs on surgical performance in single-port laparoscopic surgery

Fernando Pérez-Escamirosa ¹, Adriana N. Nuñez-Rojas ², Claudia L. Dorantes-Nava ³, Salvador Montoya-Alvarez ⁴, Juan A. Sánchez-Margallo ⁵, Ignacio Oropesa ⁶, Jesús Tapia-Jurado ⁷

¹ Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology (ICAT), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; ² Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; ³ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , General Hospital of Mexico Dr. Eduardo Liceaga, Mexico City, Mexico; ⁴ Bioelectronics Section, Department of Electrical Engineering, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Mexico City, Mexico; ⁵ Bioengineering and Health Technologies Unit, Jesús Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain; ⁶ Biomedical Engineering and Telemedicine Centre (GBT), ETSI Telecomunicación, Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; ⁷ Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Postgraduate Simulation Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico